OINTMENT "MEFENAT" of JSC "Pharmak" - an effective anti-inflammatory, analgesic, wound healing ointment. The main active components of: mefenamic-sodium salt and Vinylinum, potentiates the action of each other. Mefenamic acid as a derivative of anthranilic acid differs from the known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in that it is slightly toxic and rarely causes side effects, having a pronounced anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect. By the force of the analgesic action of mefenamic acid, phenylbutazone equivalent and significantly superior to salicylic acid derivatives. Mefenamic acid, along with a marked effect on the exudative phase, suppresses the proliferative processes in the inflammation more efficiently than phenylbutazone and sodium salicylate also inhibits the development of allergic reactions.
In the mechanism of action of mefenamic acid attach great importance to its ability to slow the synthesis of prostaglandin E in the tissues by inhibiting the activity prostaglandinsintetazy, which increases the resistance of cells to damaging factors and stimulates the healing process.
Vinylinum by bacteriostatic effect, and acceleration of epithelialization and wound healing properties, enhances the action of mefenamic acid. To ensure optimal conditions for the action of these substances, as well as the physical properties of the ointment, was chosen emulsion foundation that promotes the fixation of the drug on the mucous membranes or skin, and the necessary contacts with tissues.
Polyethylene, which is part OINTMENT "MEFENAT" as an auxiliary substance, promotes brand viagra penetration of active ingredients of the drug into the deeper layers of skin, absorbs wound detritus, products of metabolism during inflammation. Thus, when using the ointment its constituent components are mutually potentiate each other's action.
The drug has a predominantly local effect, virtually has no resorptive properties, the duration of the effect depends on the nature and severity of the process, the duration of therapeutic action is 8-20 hours.
OINTMENT "MEFENAT" indicated for the topical treatment of ulcerative-necrotic and inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, long nonhealing fractures, carbuncles, trophic ulcers, burns and other injuries. The drug is applied to damaged skin or mucous membranes with a spatula or gauze swab 1-3 times a day for 7-15 days.
With careful use this medication for prolonged use in patients with blood diseases, kidney disease, as well as simultaneous administration of anticoagulants. Ointment is not indicated in the case of individual hypersensitivity to its ingredients.
With the simultaneous use of salicylates, pyrazolone derivatives, and other anti-inflammatory agents their therapeutic effects are summarized, and the analgesic effect is potentiated.
Thus, YODDITSIRIN, Eton gel 1% OINTMENT "MEFENAT" successfully used in surgical practice for the local treatment of wound healing. What unites them is a good tolerability, high therapeutic effect, affordability and the fact that they are widely used in other branches of medicine.
stable remission
choice for correction
careful monitoring
multivitamin
myocardial infarction
Mittwoch, 26. Januar 2011
Donnerstag, 20. Januar 2011
Median incision
Before the operation can not eat that well known. However, according to British surgeons, this is not true. Such restrictions impair the body of patients and lead to significant weight loss. According to experts, their approach differs from the one adopted. Patients are given six hours before surgery foods rich in carbohydrates (potatoes, pasta), and for two hours - the energy-rich drinks, writes The Daily Mail.
After the same operation, people are advised to eat as soon as possible. The next day, they are also encouraged to rise, not lie in bed. The study proved: the method works. Recovery time is sharply reduced to 3-4 days as the number of complications (development of infections decreased from 11,5% to 3,8%).
This was made possible thanks to the fact brand viagra online that eating before surgery can accumulate energy reserves, supports the immune system. I must say, this approach was originally developed the Danish surgeon Henrik Kelet in the 90's. His technique did not became popular, surgeons have developed out of the hospital of San Marco and the District Hospital Yeovil. This program should work for two years, however, says the Health Ministry after the March 2011 work will continue through the national health system.
In order to create a model of an isolated abdominal authors of the article suggested to form an isolated chamber, covered by peritoneum. Using this solution allows for isolated conditions to study the processes of regeneration and repair, inflammatory and ischemic processes, etc. without affecting the organs of the abdomen and without participation in the process of packing, which makes the appropriate adjustments and complicates the extrapolation of the data.
In the study of physiological and pathological processes that occur in the peritoneum, in particular the regeneration of many authors (Zhenchevsky RA, 1989, Vorob'ev AA, 2001; DiZerega, GS, 1997, Ellis H., 1997) deserozirovanny area ventral wall free to leave in the abdominal cavity without using any device or means to isolate this part of the authorities. To place a serous injury cover often fluster seal or some other body, covered by peritoneum, which creates difficulties in the study of reparative processes. In this regard, consider the rational use of our proposed method for forming an isolated pocket of the abdominal cavity in experimental animals for the delimitation of its serous surfaces to create a barrier to adhesion, as well as a close to ideal conditions for studying the physiology and pathology of the peritoneum.
The method consists of the following. After a median incision of the skin in the projection of the white line of the stomach of experimental animals, such as rats, carried out the autopsy of the abdominal cavity by dissecting the ventral wall of the formation of the flap P - shaped with a downward facing base (the supply leg). Then the flap is formed inside the peritoneal surfaces and sutured to the periphery. Thus formed two-layered complex is fixed to the edges of the wound.
Method of forming an isolated abdominal cavity was tested in experiments on rats by forming an isolated pocket. Experiments were conducted under conditions operbloka chair of operative surgery and topographic anatomy of CSMU. 10 rats - Wistar male rats brand name levitra anesthetized with ether midsection ripped the skin in the projection of the white line the stomach, abdomen been opened U - shaped incision with the base flap, turned down the size 1,5 x 3 cm
Animals were removed from the experiment in 14 days by an overdose of ether anesthesia. When the audit formed an isolated cavity is kept.
Thus, the application of the method for delimitation of serous surfaces through the formation of isolated pockets provide secure isolation study of peritoneal area of the abdominal cavity. This will allow in the absence of adhesion to the injured serous cover to study processes of repair and regeneration, as well as other aspects of physiology and pathology of the peritoneum.
participate in meetings
during meals
multivitamin complex
american scientists
After the same operation, people are advised to eat as soon as possible. The next day, they are also encouraged to rise, not lie in bed. The study proved: the method works. Recovery time is sharply reduced to 3-4 days as the number of complications (development of infections decreased from 11,5% to 3,8%).
This was made possible thanks to the fact brand viagra online that eating before surgery can accumulate energy reserves, supports the immune system. I must say, this approach was originally developed the Danish surgeon Henrik Kelet in the 90's. His technique did not became popular, surgeons have developed out of the hospital of San Marco and the District Hospital Yeovil. This program should work for two years, however, says the Health Ministry after the March 2011 work will continue through the national health system.
In order to create a model of an isolated abdominal authors of the article suggested to form an isolated chamber, covered by peritoneum. Using this solution allows for isolated conditions to study the processes of regeneration and repair, inflammatory and ischemic processes, etc. without affecting the organs of the abdomen and without participation in the process of packing, which makes the appropriate adjustments and complicates the extrapolation of the data.
In the study of physiological and pathological processes that occur in the peritoneum, in particular the regeneration of many authors (Zhenchevsky RA, 1989, Vorob'ev AA, 2001; DiZerega, GS, 1997, Ellis H., 1997) deserozirovanny area ventral wall free to leave in the abdominal cavity without using any device or means to isolate this part of the authorities. To place a serous injury cover often fluster seal or some other body, covered by peritoneum, which creates difficulties in the study of reparative processes. In this regard, consider the rational use of our proposed method for forming an isolated pocket of the abdominal cavity in experimental animals for the delimitation of its serous surfaces to create a barrier to adhesion, as well as a close to ideal conditions for studying the physiology and pathology of the peritoneum.
The method consists of the following. After a median incision of the skin in the projection of the white line of the stomach of experimental animals, such as rats, carried out the autopsy of the abdominal cavity by dissecting the ventral wall of the formation of the flap P - shaped with a downward facing base (the supply leg). Then the flap is formed inside the peritoneal surfaces and sutured to the periphery. Thus formed two-layered complex is fixed to the edges of the wound.
Method of forming an isolated abdominal cavity was tested in experiments on rats by forming an isolated pocket. Experiments were conducted under conditions operbloka chair of operative surgery and topographic anatomy of CSMU. 10 rats - Wistar male rats brand name levitra anesthetized with ether midsection ripped the skin in the projection of the white line the stomach, abdomen been opened U - shaped incision with the base flap, turned down the size 1,5 x 3 cm
Animals were removed from the experiment in 14 days by an overdose of ether anesthesia. When the audit formed an isolated cavity is kept.
Thus, the application of the method for delimitation of serous surfaces through the formation of isolated pockets provide secure isolation study of peritoneal area of the abdominal cavity. This will allow in the absence of adhesion to the injured serous cover to study processes of repair and regeneration, as well as other aspects of physiology and pathology of the peritoneum.
participate in meetings
during meals
multivitamin complex
american scientists
Sonntag, 9. Januar 2011
Alcoholic pancreatitis
The steady growth of incidence of acute pancreatitis, especially its destructive forms, high levels of mortality and a large number of complications, often leading to severe violations of the body until the disability, as well as the existing difficulties of diagnosis and lack of a unified approach to the treatment of this disease forced to pay special attention to the study of this pathology.
We observed 111 patients with acute or acute exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, of whom 3.6% (4 cases) were patients with pancreatic necrosis, which accounted for 12% of all acute pancreatitis. To date, yet there is no single approach to the etiopathogenetic brand viagra mechanisms of autoliticheskih processes in the pancreas, leading to the development of functional and structural changes in the cells of the body, accompanied by the phenomenon of "evasion of enzymes, as a result of this occurrence giperfementemii. In our observations of hyperamylasemia was 38.7% of the total number of observations (43 cases), including amilazemiya more than 100 g / h / l was 23% (26 cases). Along with the increase of serum amylase was significantly increased level of urine amylase, due in some cases, an increase of glomerular filtration and decreased tubular reabsorption of the enzyme, which in the presence of endotoxemia accompanying phenomenon of pancreatic necrosis, forming chemical bonds with the biologically active protein fractions of average molecular mass, the so-called "middle molecules "serum (Shepilov ZI, Baljakin SO, 1984). The lack of correlation of degree of autolysis of the pancreas and the severity of amylasuria depends on many factors and can not be estimated uniquely, respectively, requires further research in this area.
Considering the mechanisms etiopatogegneza acute pancreatitis, it is necessary to allocate a number of key factors, wherewith are:
Gallstone disease (GSD).
According to our observations, the incidence of acute pancreatitis and exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis in the presence of this pathology was 23.4% (26 cases) of them in one case (0.9%) occurred choledocholithiasis.
Found in the literature, the term "holepankreatit (L. Finger, 2000), which reflects the primary role of biliary pathology in the etiopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. According to the theory of "common channel" on the background diskeneticheskih phenomena in the gall bladder filled concrements extrahepatic bile ducts and sphincter of Oddi arises bile-pancreatic ductal hypertension, and reflux of bile into the pancreatic duct with intraductal activation of enzymes.
The second place according to our observations extend postoperative pancreatitis occurring in different periods after cholecystectomy (8 cases, which accounted for 7.2% of total cases), 2 cases (1.8%) consisted of patients who had undergone resection of the Billroth-II . A separate group with acute pancreatitis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and ERCP, were not included in the studies. The high frequency of postoperative pancreatitis is associated with intraoperative injury of pancreatic duct diskineticheskih phenomena in the sphincter of Oddi, resulting from a violation of the neuro-reflex regulation due to surgical intervention. In some cases, the appearance of acute pancreatitis can be regarded as a manifestation of postcholecystectomical syndrome. High frequency of acute pancreatitis that occur after stomach resection due to the presence of duodeno-pancreatic reflux, where the activator of intraductal pancreatic enzymes is enterokinase. Penetration of duodenal contents into the pancreatic duct is possible with dehiscence faterova nipple and increased intraduodenal pressure, which can be observed at duodenostasis often occurs when afferent loop syndrome.
Steadily growing number of alcoholic pancreatitis. According to our observations, the diagnosis of acute alcoholic pancreatitis "exhibited in the two cases. In fact, indications of the systematic use of alcohol in history occur not less than 1 / 3 of patients with acute exacerbation and chronic pancreatitis. For many foreign sources of fact alcohol addiction is the leading mechanism of acute pancreatitis (Ghattas Khoury, 2000). At the cellular level, ethanol contributes to the accumulation of intracellular proteolytic enzymes and their premature activation and release. At ductal some convincing test level, ethanol increases the permeability of the ducts, allowing proteolytic enzymes to penetrate into the tissue of the pancreas, causing autolysis processes. Ethanol increases the content of the protein component of pancreatic juice, reducing the concentration of bicarbonate and trypsin inhibitors. This leads to the formation of protein complexes that prevent the outflow of pancreatic secretion (Emedicine.com).
Addressing issues of etiopathogenesis of acute exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis and to identify allergic factor of this pathology. Currently, more and more attention of scientists began to attract the immunological processes in the pancreas. In our observations noted 2 cases of atopic pancreatitis occurred on the background of sensitization, polyvalent allergy. Patients with this pathology have noted increased pain and aggravation of the severity of the processes of alteration of the pancreas in the background of active treatment with different pharmacological groups, which makes the approach to the treatment of this group of patients is strictly differentiated from the expression of immunological reactions. Often, such a variant of etiopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis combined with neurogenic (T. D. Tsympilova, VM Mavrodi, 1995), when in history there is a stressful situation, leading to an imbalance of the central regulation of pancreatic secretion of feedback.
It must be noted or ischemic angiogenic factor in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (TD Tsympilova, VM Mavrodi, 1995). With a high degree of reliability found that among patients with acute pancreatitis is prevalent in patients aged 40-64 years, when increases the risk of widespread atherosclerosis. Often there are difficulties in the differential diagnosis of destructive pancreatitis flowing with symptoms of pancreatic shock, and myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock, often have a combination of these two pathologies that are competing in determining the underlying cause of death of patients with pancreatic necrosis. On the background of atherosclerotic vascular lesions of the pancreas arise local thrombosis, which, when there are changes in the hemostatic system leads to irreversible degenerative-necrotic changes in the parenchyma of the organ.
CONCLUSIONS:
For adequate and effective treatment of acute pancreatitis must be considered elements of the pathogenesis of this disease, which in most cases to predict the course and outcome of disease, identify ways of preventing complications, relapse and recurrence, as well as working on a certain link in the pathogenesis of, reduce the degree of destructive changes in the pancreas gland.
Parasitism
beware of diets
Orange peel
We observed 111 patients with acute or acute exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, of whom 3.6% (4 cases) were patients with pancreatic necrosis, which accounted for 12% of all acute pancreatitis. To date, yet there is no single approach to the etiopathogenetic brand viagra mechanisms of autoliticheskih processes in the pancreas, leading to the development of functional and structural changes in the cells of the body, accompanied by the phenomenon of "evasion of enzymes, as a result of this occurrence giperfementemii. In our observations of hyperamylasemia was 38.7% of the total number of observations (43 cases), including amilazemiya more than 100 g / h / l was 23% (26 cases). Along with the increase of serum amylase was significantly increased level of urine amylase, due in some cases, an increase of glomerular filtration and decreased tubular reabsorption of the enzyme, which in the presence of endotoxemia accompanying phenomenon of pancreatic necrosis, forming chemical bonds with the biologically active protein fractions of average molecular mass, the so-called "middle molecules "serum (Shepilov ZI, Baljakin SO, 1984). The lack of correlation of degree of autolysis of the pancreas and the severity of amylasuria depends on many factors and can not be estimated uniquely, respectively, requires further research in this area.
Considering the mechanisms etiopatogegneza acute pancreatitis, it is necessary to allocate a number of key factors, wherewith are:
Gallstone disease (GSD).
According to our observations, the incidence of acute pancreatitis and exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis in the presence of this pathology was 23.4% (26 cases) of them in one case (0.9%) occurred choledocholithiasis.
Found in the literature, the term "holepankreatit (L. Finger, 2000), which reflects the primary role of biliary pathology in the etiopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. According to the theory of "common channel" on the background diskeneticheskih phenomena in the gall bladder filled concrements extrahepatic bile ducts and sphincter of Oddi arises bile-pancreatic ductal hypertension, and reflux of bile into the pancreatic duct with intraductal activation of enzymes.
The second place according to our observations extend postoperative pancreatitis occurring in different periods after cholecystectomy (8 cases, which accounted for 7.2% of total cases), 2 cases (1.8%) consisted of patients who had undergone resection of the Billroth-II . A separate group with acute pancreatitis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and ERCP, were not included in the studies. The high frequency of postoperative pancreatitis is associated with intraoperative injury of pancreatic duct diskineticheskih phenomena in the sphincter of Oddi, resulting from a violation of the neuro-reflex regulation due to surgical intervention. In some cases, the appearance of acute pancreatitis can be regarded as a manifestation of postcholecystectomical syndrome. High frequency of acute pancreatitis that occur after stomach resection due to the presence of duodeno-pancreatic reflux, where the activator of intraductal pancreatic enzymes is enterokinase. Penetration of duodenal contents into the pancreatic duct is possible with dehiscence faterova nipple and increased intraduodenal pressure, which can be observed at duodenostasis often occurs when afferent loop syndrome.
Steadily growing number of alcoholic pancreatitis. According to our observations, the diagnosis of acute alcoholic pancreatitis "exhibited in the two cases. In fact, indications of the systematic use of alcohol in history occur not less than 1 / 3 of patients with acute exacerbation and chronic pancreatitis. For many foreign sources of fact alcohol addiction is the leading mechanism of acute pancreatitis (Ghattas Khoury, 2000). At the cellular level, ethanol contributes to the accumulation of intracellular proteolytic enzymes and their premature activation and release. At ductal some convincing test level, ethanol increases the permeability of the ducts, allowing proteolytic enzymes to penetrate into the tissue of the pancreas, causing autolysis processes. Ethanol increases the content of the protein component of pancreatic juice, reducing the concentration of bicarbonate and trypsin inhibitors. This leads to the formation of protein complexes that prevent the outflow of pancreatic secretion (Emedicine.com).
Addressing issues of etiopathogenesis of acute exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis and to identify allergic factor of this pathology. Currently, more and more attention of scientists began to attract the immunological processes in the pancreas. In our observations noted 2 cases of atopic pancreatitis occurred on the background of sensitization, polyvalent allergy. Patients with this pathology have noted increased pain and aggravation of the severity of the processes of alteration of the pancreas in the background of active treatment with different pharmacological groups, which makes the approach to the treatment of this group of patients is strictly differentiated from the expression of immunological reactions. Often, such a variant of etiopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis combined with neurogenic (T. D. Tsympilova, VM Mavrodi, 1995), when in history there is a stressful situation, leading to an imbalance of the central regulation of pancreatic secretion of feedback.
It must be noted or ischemic angiogenic factor in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (TD Tsympilova, VM Mavrodi, 1995). With a high degree of reliability found that among patients with acute pancreatitis is prevalent in patients aged 40-64 years, when increases the risk of widespread atherosclerosis. Often there are difficulties in the differential diagnosis of destructive pancreatitis flowing with symptoms of pancreatic shock, and myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock, often have a combination of these two pathologies that are competing in determining the underlying cause of death of patients with pancreatic necrosis. On the background of atherosclerotic vascular lesions of the pancreas arise local thrombosis, which, when there are changes in the hemostatic system leads to irreversible degenerative-necrotic changes in the parenchyma of the organ.
CONCLUSIONS:
For adequate and effective treatment of acute pancreatitis must be considered elements of the pathogenesis of this disease, which in most cases to predict the course and outcome of disease, identify ways of preventing complications, relapse and recurrence, as well as working on a certain link in the pathogenesis of, reduce the degree of destructive changes in the pancreas gland.
Parasitism
beware of diets
Orange peel
Sonntag, 2. Januar 2011
Smaller vessels
The circular motion of blood.
Blood fills the cardio-vascular system, is in constant circular motion. The role of the pump, pumping blood, plays his heart. The solid wall divides it into right and left half. Each of them consists of two communicating chambers, a thin-walled atrium and ventricle fleshy. Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to various organs of the body are called arteries and carries blood to the heart - veins. Departs from the left ventricle is the largest artery - the aorta.
First, it goes up, and then, forming an arc that runs brand name viagra down along the spinal column. From the top of the aortic waste from large artery that carries blood to the head and upper extremities, lower branches to depart muscles of the trunk and abdominal internal; level lumbar aorta divides into two arteries that supply blood of the lower limbs.
Large arteries branch repeatedly to form smaller and smaller vessels supplying blood all parts of the body. From the smallest arteries leaves a dense network of very thin "capillary" vessels, or capillaries. They are much thinner than human hair. Their length is too small - less than 1 mm. It is believed that the total number of capillaries is around a trillion. Connecting with each other, the capillaries form veins, which, through mergers are becoming larger. For the two largest veins - the upper and lower hollow - the blood from all parts of the body returns to the heart, in his right atrium. All the way from the left ventricle to right atrium called the systemic circulation.
Small, or pulmonary, circulation starts from the right ventricle, from which blood flows through the pulmonary artery and its branches to the right and left lung. In the lungs, arteries branch into tiny capillaries that connect with each other to form veins. As in the systemic circulation, small veins merge into larger ones. The four pulmonary veins, the blood enters the left atrium of the heart, where it ends with a small circle.
Arterial and venous blood.
Blood flowing through the arteries of a large circulation, saturated with oxygen. This is called arterial blood. In the capillaries of the blood loses a significant portion of the oxygen and enriched with carbon dioxide. Blood oxygen-poor and rich with carbon dioxide, called venous. Deoxygenated blood through the veins of a large circulation enters the right half of the heart, and thence to the pulmonary arteries of the circle. In the pulmonary capillaries is exempt from the excess carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen. Consequently, in the pulmonary arteries of the circle is venous, and pulmonary veins of the circle - the arterial blood.
Tissue fluid and lymph.
Being in the blood vessels, blood is not directly in contact with the cells and tissues. The thin walls of capillaries, consisting of a single layer of flat cells that separates blood from tissue fluid, located in the intercellular clefts and gaps. This liquid is called the internal environment as it is in direct contact with the cells. Cells absorb from it the oxygen and nutrients and give it carbon dioxide and other metabolic products. The share of interstitial fluid accounts for about 50% of body weight. Its composition is different from the blood in it, for example, almost no protein, whereas their blood contains about 7%. Excess interstitial fluid enters the special vessels called lymph. They usually begin in the tissues in the form of blind sacs and form a dense network. Initial lymph vessels are interconnected to form larger and larger vessels. Liquid present in them - lymph in the end the two lymphatic duct empties into the large vein systemic circulation, far from the heart.
The value of blood and its movement.
Blood gives in tissue fluid necessary for the body cells of oxygen and nutrients and get out of it carbon dioxide and other products made available cells. This ensures the necessary continuity for the body of the internal environment. The constancy of the blood itself is supported by a number of bodies. Inhalation blood receives oxygen and gives carbon dioxide. Other metabolic products come from the blood into the special allocation of organs, kidneys, and some substances in small amounts are allocated through the mucous membrane of the digestive tract and the skin. Nutrients enter the blood from the intestines, as well as of those bodies in which they are contained in the form of stocks, such as liver and adipose tissue.
Through the blood carried the chemical bond and the interaction between body organs. Thus, substances introduced into the blood from one organ, can be used by others. Some authorities produce and secrete into the bloodstream special, very active substance Viagra and penile erection hormone (from Greek "Gorman - exciting). Hormones play an important role in regulating vital functions of various organs.
It is essential to the protective function of blood, namely, protecting the body from the harmful effects of certain substances resulting from the destruction of cells of the body or enter the body from the external environment, as well as on pathogenic microbes and emissions of toxins.
Needless to say, everything said about the importance of blood is valid only under the condition that it is in a continuous circular motion.
Beauty salon
The objects
Blood fills the cardio-vascular system, is in constant circular motion. The role of the pump, pumping blood, plays his heart. The solid wall divides it into right and left half. Each of them consists of two communicating chambers, a thin-walled atrium and ventricle fleshy. Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to various organs of the body are called arteries and carries blood to the heart - veins. Departs from the left ventricle is the largest artery - the aorta.
First, it goes up, and then, forming an arc that runs brand name viagra down along the spinal column. From the top of the aortic waste from large artery that carries blood to the head and upper extremities, lower branches to depart muscles of the trunk and abdominal internal; level lumbar aorta divides into two arteries that supply blood of the lower limbs.
Large arteries branch repeatedly to form smaller and smaller vessels supplying blood all parts of the body. From the smallest arteries leaves a dense network of very thin "capillary" vessels, or capillaries. They are much thinner than human hair. Their length is too small - less than 1 mm. It is believed that the total number of capillaries is around a trillion. Connecting with each other, the capillaries form veins, which, through mergers are becoming larger. For the two largest veins - the upper and lower hollow - the blood from all parts of the body returns to the heart, in his right atrium. All the way from the left ventricle to right atrium called the systemic circulation.
Small, or pulmonary, circulation starts from the right ventricle, from which blood flows through the pulmonary artery and its branches to the right and left lung. In the lungs, arteries branch into tiny capillaries that connect with each other to form veins. As in the systemic circulation, small veins merge into larger ones. The four pulmonary veins, the blood enters the left atrium of the heart, where it ends with a small circle.
Arterial and venous blood.
Blood flowing through the arteries of a large circulation, saturated with oxygen. This is called arterial blood. In the capillaries of the blood loses a significant portion of the oxygen and enriched with carbon dioxide. Blood oxygen-poor and rich with carbon dioxide, called venous. Deoxygenated blood through the veins of a large circulation enters the right half of the heart, and thence to the pulmonary arteries of the circle. In the pulmonary capillaries is exempt from the excess carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen. Consequently, in the pulmonary arteries of the circle is venous, and pulmonary veins of the circle - the arterial blood.
Tissue fluid and lymph.
Being in the blood vessels, blood is not directly in contact with the cells and tissues. The thin walls of capillaries, consisting of a single layer of flat cells that separates blood from tissue fluid, located in the intercellular clefts and gaps. This liquid is called the internal environment as it is in direct contact with the cells. Cells absorb from it the oxygen and nutrients and give it carbon dioxide and other metabolic products. The share of interstitial fluid accounts for about 50% of body weight. Its composition is different from the blood in it, for example, almost no protein, whereas their blood contains about 7%. Excess interstitial fluid enters the special vessels called lymph. They usually begin in the tissues in the form of blind sacs and form a dense network. Initial lymph vessels are interconnected to form larger and larger vessels. Liquid present in them - lymph in the end the two lymphatic duct empties into the large vein systemic circulation, far from the heart.
The value of blood and its movement.
Blood gives in tissue fluid necessary for the body cells of oxygen and nutrients and get out of it carbon dioxide and other products made available cells. This ensures the necessary continuity for the body of the internal environment. The constancy of the blood itself is supported by a number of bodies. Inhalation blood receives oxygen and gives carbon dioxide. Other metabolic products come from the blood into the special allocation of organs, kidneys, and some substances in small amounts are allocated through the mucous membrane of the digestive tract and the skin. Nutrients enter the blood from the intestines, as well as of those bodies in which they are contained in the form of stocks, such as liver and adipose tissue.
Through the blood carried the chemical bond and the interaction between body organs. Thus, substances introduced into the blood from one organ, can be used by others. Some authorities produce and secrete into the bloodstream special, very active substance Viagra and penile erection hormone (from Greek "Gorman - exciting). Hormones play an important role in regulating vital functions of various organs.
It is essential to the protective function of blood, namely, protecting the body from the harmful effects of certain substances resulting from the destruction of cells of the body or enter the body from the external environment, as well as on pathogenic microbes and emissions of toxins.
Needless to say, everything said about the importance of blood is valid only under the condition that it is in a continuous circular motion.
Beauty salon
The objects
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